PUBLIC HEALTH WIRE
    SURGEON GENERALYouth mental health is the defining public health issue of our time.·CDCSuicide is the 2nd leading cause of death for ages 10–24.·YRBS42% of high schoolers report persistent sadness.·NAMI11-year average wait from symptoms to treatment.·ARKANSAS · MHA56% of youth with depression go untreated.·SURGEON GENERALYouth mental health is the defining public health issue of our time.·CDCSuicide is the 2nd leading cause of death for ages 10–24.·YRBS42% of high schoolers report persistent sadness.·NAMI11-year average wait from symptoms to treatment.·ARKANSAS · MHA56% of youth with depression go untreated.·
    LATE EDITION
    A YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH STATE OF EMERGENCYCLAIM YOUR FREE SEAT
    MENTAL HEALTH AWARENESS MONTH
    VOL. VNO. 26MAY 2026

    THE PORCH LIGHT

    Elevating Power. A prevention first look at what happens when the village waits to react instead of responding upstream.

    EST. IN COMMUNITY·LITTLE ROCK, AR·YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH PREVENTION
    ESTABLISHED IN COMMUNITYFOR US, BY US
    📍 LITTLE ROCK, ARPASS IT ON
    RESPONSE AFTER HARM vs. PREVENTION BEFORE CRISIS

    A CURFEW WON'T HEAL
    What's Hurting Our Kids.

    After the River Market shooting, the city locked the night down. But the silence in our children was already there, long before 10 p.m.

    BY DR. Q MUMFORD · FOUNDER, VPH

    On Saturday, April 11, , sending a 21 year old to the hospital, scattering families, and leaving teenagers running into the night. By Tuesday, the Little Rock City Board had , beginning that Friday. The emergency response was visible; the emotional aftermath for our young people was quieter, longer, and far easier to miss.

    A curfew is one tool among many. Think of it as a fence placed around a wound. It can hold the moment, yet it does not stitch what is bleeding underneath. Our young people are not a security problem to be contained between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. They are children carrying grief, anxiety, and the weight of what they have witnessed. Many of the adults in their lives love them deeply. Recognizing distress, however, is a learned skill. It calls for training, ongoing support, and the personal space to process one's own experiences, including unexamined bias, so that another person's pain does not get missed. Ask any teacher in Pulaski County. Ask any coach, any pastor, any auntie at the bus stop. The question is no longer whether our kids are struggling. The question is who is ready when they finally say so.

    This is what systems thinking invites us to do: zoom out. A shooting downtown is not only a crime story. It is the visible tip of a much deeper iceberg made of untreated trauma, disconnection, poverty, and isolation. Curfews, arrests, and emergency rooms are downstream interventions. They engage only after the harm has happened. : violence and suicide are preventable public health problems, and the most effective response is upstream, building protective factors before crisis arrives.

    America is in the middle of a youth mental health crisis the . . and the day they finally receive care, a finding rooted in the landmark . Eleven years. That is an entire childhood spent waiting to be seen.

    FIG. 02 · HOW THE ELEVEN YEAR DELAY WAS DERIVEDSOURCE: KESSLER & WANG · NCS-R · 2005
    1. 1
      SYMPTOM ONSET
      AGE 14

      Median age first symptoms of any mental disorder appear.

    2. 2
      FIRST TREATMENT CONTACT
      MEDIAN 6 TO 23 YEARS LATER

      Median delay from onset to first professional contact, by disorder. Anxiety: up to 23 years. Mood: 6 to 8 years.

    3. 3
      POPULATION AVERAGE
      11 YEARS

      The figure NAMI cites: the cross disorder average delay between symptom onset and treatment in the United States.

    METHOD:Both findings come from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative face to face survey of 9,282 U.S. adults conducted by Harvard Medical School and the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health. Kessler and colleagues established the median age of onset; Wang and colleagues measured the lag to first treatment contact across DSM-IV disorders. NAMI's "11 years" averages those disorder specific delays into a single, plain language figure used in public education.

    "We do not have a shortage of caring adults. We have a shortage of adults who have been equipped, supported, and given space to do their own healing, so they can show up ready when a young person reaches out."

    In Arkansas, at all. Our state ranks among the lowest in the nation for access to youth behavioral health care. In March, specifically because demand from teens kept climbing. The hands reaching out are there. The hands reaching back are still being built.

    Prevention first means we do not wait for the 911 call. : every $1 invested in evidence based prevention returns $2 to $10 in avoided costs from emergency care, incarceration, lost productivity, and lost lives. The most cost effective intervention we have is a trusted, prepared adult inside a young person's everyday life, at the school, the gym, the church, the corner store. That is the gap a nonclinical, peer led workforce was designed to fill. Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA) teaches the ALGEE 5 step action plan. It does not turn parents, coaches, and youth workers into therapists. It prepares them to be the trusted first responders our young people are already looking for.

    Village Public Health did not wait for a grant or a line item to begin this work. With donated time, peer trainers, and partners who said yes, we have been quietly building this workforce in living rooms, school hallways, barbershops, and church basements across Arkansas. Imagine what becomes possible when the rest of the village joins in.

    PREVENTION STRATEGY CONTINUES BELOW.

    SOURCES:ADG 2026·KATV 2026·KATV 2025·U.S. Surgeon General·CDC YRBS 2023·CDC WISQARS·NAMI 2020·MHA 2024·SAMHSA·CDCVIEW FULL INDEX →

    ★ SYSTEMS THINKING ★

    "If we keep responding to a public health crisis with a public safety playbook, we will keep getting the outcomes we are getting. Curfews close the night. Prevention opens the future."

    PUBLIC HEALTH FRAME
    ★ THE PIVOT ★

    What Happens When The Village Waits To React vs. Responds Upstream.

    Pick an outcome below. See what it costs the village when we wait to react, and what changes when we respond upstream first.

    THE VILLAGE PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORK

    Streetlights Come On First. Porch Lights Make The Difference.

    When systems and community work together, our youth thrive. Streetlights are set by the city; porch lights are turned on by someone who knows your name. Both are needed. Both save lives.

    FIG. 01 · A WHOLE VILLAGE APPROACH
    BEAT THE STREETLIGHT HOME.
    ONE HOUSE · ONE GRANDMOTHER · ONE PORCH LIGHT STILL ON
    FIG. 01 · ONE BLOCK · TWO LIGHTS · 2026TAP ANY GLOW TO READ ITS ROLE.
    ★ THE ANCHOR ★

    Both Are Needed. Both Save Lives.

    The goal is not to choose one over the other; it is to connect them so the streetlight sets the boundary and the porch light builds the relationship. Together, they create safety, belonging, and opportunity.

    STREETLIGHTS · THE SYSTEM

    City. Policy. Structure.

    Set by the city. Same for everybody. Not personal. Signals a rule.

    WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE
    • Policies and laws
    • Curfews
    • School rules
    • Juvenile justice
    • Emergency response
    ROLE · DOWNSTREAM / MIDSTREAM

    Tells us when something needs to change. Responds to risk or harm. The streetlight signal: tells us what time it is. It is time to come in.

    PORCH LIGHTS · THE COMMUNITY

    People. Relationships. Culture.

    Turned on by someone who knows you. Personal. Relational. Reinforced with care and correction.

    WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE
    • Trusted adults
    • Family structure
    • Community accountability
    • Mentorship
    • Cultural norms
    ROLE · UPSTREAM

    Shapes behavior before systems have to step in. The porch light invitation: tells us who we belong to. A place to learn, grow, and be guided.

    Village Public Health submark
    A WHOLE VILLAGE APPROACH
    Sealed with a pinky promise.
    SIX PROMISES · ONE BLOCK AT A TIME
    Village Public Health submark

    THE PACT:We promise to leave our porch lights on. We promise to learn each other's names. We promise to show up before the sirens do. Sealed pinky to pinky, neighbor to neighbor.

    TAKE THE PROMISE
    THE PINKY PROMISE PLEDGE
    Our grounding pledge.

    I am committed to igniting hope, inspiring possibilities, and instilling confidence for a promising future. I believe in the power of dreams and the strength of community. Whether big or small, I promise to make a difference in shaping a world where hope shines brightly, possibilities are endless, and confidence leads the way.

    ★ EVERY DAY, WE STRIVE TO:
    ★ OUR VISION

    Every child is seen. Every child is valued. Every child has what they need to thrive.

    ★ OUR PROMISE

    We light the way with systems. We lift the way with community. Together, we change outcomes.

    ★ OUR CALL TO ACTION

    Be the porch light.
    Build the village.
    Change a life.

    keep the porch light on. keep moving upstream.
    PREVENTION ACTIONCERTIFICATION · MAY 15 & 23

    $170 YMHFA CERTIFICATION,
    Now Free for May.

    CERTIFICATION · MAY 15 & 23 · OFFERED FREE BY VILLAGE PUBLIC HEALTH

    Village Public Health is offering nationally-certified Youth Mental Health First Aid training — a $170 value — completely free this May to any adult who interacts with youth ages 12 to 18. Two virtual sessions: 2 hours self-paced prework plus a 4.5-hour live Zoom intensive. Walk away with the ALGEE 5-step action plan and the confidence to use it.

    MAY 15, 2026

    10 AM – 2:30 PM CST · Live Zoom

    MAY 23, 2026

    10 AM – 2:30 PM CST · Live Zoom

    LIVE COLUMNWEDNESDAYS · 12 PM CST · FB LIVE

    ON THE PORCH
    with Dr. Q.

    A FIVE-WEEK LIVE SERIES · MAY 7 – JUNE 4

    Dr. Q MumfordYOUR HOST

    DR. Q MUMFORD

    Public Health Practitioner. Prevention Educator. CHES. Single mom on the same parenting journey she's coaching you through.

    Five Wednesdays. Five real conversations. No script, no jargon, no judgment. Each week, Dr. Q goes live on Facebook to talk through the moments that keep parents and youth workers up at night — from social media spirals to silent struggles to "I don't know what to say next."

    "I'm not here to lecture you. I'm here to walk with you."

    Free. Public. Replay-able. Bring a coffee, a question, and a friend.

    ★   A CALL TO ACTION   ★

    BE THE ADULT
    you needed
    WHEN YOU WERE YOUNG.

    100% free · 4.5 hours · nationally certified

    TRAINING REGISTRATIONFree YMHFA Certification
    FREE · LIMITED SEATS

    CLAIM YOUR free seat.

    Pick a session, fill out the form, and we'll send your Zoom link plus the 2-hour pre-work module.

    Choose one session. Each registration includes a cancellation link if your plans change.

    Already registered? Check your registration status.

    ON THE PORCH SCHEDULE
    Weekly Facebook Live Series
    FIVE WEDNESDAYS · MAY 7 – JUNE 4 · 12 PM CST

    ON THE PORCH with Dr. Q.

    Tune in live on Facebook. Replays available. Bring a question, leave with a plan.

    01

    WEEK 1

    MAY 7, 2026

    HIGH-ACHIEVING SINGLE PARENTS & THE MENTAL GAME

    • ▸ The unseen mental load
    • ▸ Decision fatigue
    • ▸ Responding, not reacting
    • ▸ You are not alone
    02

    WEEK 2

    MAY 14, 2026

    WHEN THE MENTAL LOAD MEETS YOUR CHILD'S BEHAVIOR

    • ▸ Why behavior is not always defiance
    • ▸ Understanding stress and dysregulation
    • ▸ Staying calm when everything feels heavy
    03

    WEEK 3

    MAY 21, 2026

    COMMUNICATION UNDER PRESSURE

    • ▸ How stress impacts how we talk
    • ▸ When kids shut down
    • ▸ Listening vs lecturing
    • ▸ Building connection that lasts
    04

    WEEK 4

    MAY 28, 2026

    RESETTING THE ENVIRONMENT AT HOME

    • ▸ Structure as support
    • ▸ Small shifts that reduce stress
    • ▸ Creating consistency
    • ▸ Building a home where kids can thrive
    05

    WEEK 5

    JUNE 4, 2026

    BUILDING MORE GOOD DAYS ON PURPOSE

    • ▸ Letting go of perfection
    • ▸ Focusing on progress
    • ▸ What kids actually remember
    • ▸ Choosing connection every time

    Set your reminder. Follow Village Public Health on Facebook every Wednesday at 12:00 PM CST.

    ON THE PORCH

    Real Faces. Real Work.

    The street lights belong to the city. The porch light belongs to us.

    No stock photography. No staged smiles. These are the trained adults, youth ambassadors, and families already doing the upstream work in Little Rock and beyond.

    Adults in a training classroom learning the YMHFA risk factors and ALGEE 5-step plan from a Village Public Health instructor.
    YMHFA cohort · Little Rock
    "Trained adults are the intervention."
    01
    A multigenerational group of youth and trusted adults holding Village Public Health tote bags after a community session.
    Community session · Pulaski County
    "It takes a village — and we mean it literally."
    02
    Dr. Q Mumford speaks at a podium at UA Little Rock during a youth public health event.
    Dr. Q Mumford · UA Little Rock
    ""We don't need more crisis. We need more capacity.""
    03
    W.E.L.L. Squad members standing on the Southwest High Gryphons seal.
    W.E.L.L. Squad · Southwest High
    "Young people are already reaching out. We're teaching adults to reach back."
    04
    W.E.L.L. Squad members on a community service project.
    W.E.L.L. Squad · Service project
    "Belonging is the #1 protective factor for teens."
    05
    PHOTOGRAPHED IN PULASKI COUNTY · 2024 – 2026 TURN YOUR PORCH LIGHT ON
    every porch is somebody's first clinic.
    PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE BRIEF · YOUTH LEADERSHIP
    ★ INAUGURAL CLASS · 2026 ★

    ★ TEEN MENTAL HEALTH FIRST AID ★

    Seven Students. One Village.

    Meet the inaugural W.E.L.L. Squad — seven youth from Southwest High School now nationally-certified as Teen Mental Health First Aiders. Because the first person a teen tells is almost always another teen.

    W.E.L.L. Squad students standing on the Southwest High Gryphons seal
    COHORT 01
    7 / 7
    CERTIFIED
    SOUTHWEST HIGH SCHOOL · LITTLE ROCK
    "The first responders our peers actually call."
    NATIONALLY CERTIFIED

    The W.E.L.L. Squad.

    tMHFA teaches high schoolers a 5-step action plan to recognize a friend in crisis, respond without judgment, and connect them to a trusted adult. Research shows teens are .

    • 5-step action plan: LOOK, ASK, LISTEN, HELP, LIFT.
    • 6 hours of training across 3 sessions.
    • Equipped to respond in their cafeteria, group chat, and locker room.
    THE VILLAGE EFFECT

    Seven trained teens become a watch-network across hallways, lunch tables, and group chats — exactly the early-signal layer the calls for.

    ★ THE EVIDENCE-BASED CURRICULUM ★

    The 5-Step Action Plan.

    STEP 01
    LOOK

    Notice changes in mood, sleep, withdrawal, or risky talk.

    STEP 02
    ASK

    Ask directly — even about suicide. It does not plant the idea.

    STEP 03
    LISTEN

    Listen without judgment, fixing, or rushing the conversation.

    STEP 04
    HELP

    Help your friend cope in the moment with safe, simple steps.

    STEP 05
    FRIEND CONNECT

    Connect them to a trusted adult — every time, no exceptions.

    ★ WHY IT WORKS · HELP-SEEKING IMPACT ★
    ↑ Confidence

    Trained teens report significantly higher confidence helping a peer in distress immediately after the course.

    ↑ Adult Connect

    Students are measurably more likely to involve a trusted adult instead of keeping a peer's crisis a secret.

    ↓ Stigma

    Mental health literacy rises and stigma drops — the two biggest barriers to teens seeking help.

    Citations open the full source in a new tab and link to the Sources Index at the bottom of this page.

    ★ YOUR DOLLAR · IN SEATS ★

    What Your Gift Funds.

    $200 = 1 TRAINED & CERTIFIED TEEN

    Math: a full 7-teen cohort costs ~$1,400 to train, certify, and equip — roughly $200 per certified peer first responder. Tax-deductible through VPH Training Center, a 501(c)(3).

    BELIEVE IN THE WORK?

    Fund The Next Squad.

    Every cohort of 7 youth costs roughly $1,400 to train, certify, and equip. Your gift puts another classroom of teens between a friend in crisis and the worst night of their life. VPH Training Center is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit — every dollar is tax-deductible.

    Donate To Train More
    EIN ON REQUEST · TAX-DEDUCTIBLE
    PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE BRIEF · COMMUNITY QUESTIONS
    ★ FREQUENTLY ASKED ★

    ★ STRAIGHT ANSWERS ★

    Questions From The Village.

    Everything parents, principals, and teens ask before they say yes to the next cohort.

    Still have questions? Email hello@villagepublichealth.org or call 501-229-9220.

    ★ FOR YOU · BY YOU · WITH YOU ★

    pass the light. pass it on.
    ★ LEARN & SHARE ★

    Take The Story. Pass It On.

    FIG. 02 · 3 SUMMARIES · 5 CHANNELS

    Pick the version that fits your audience. One tap to copy — or push it straight to Facebook, X, LinkedIn, text, or email. Prevention spreads the same way trauma does: person to person.

    FOR A NEIGHBOR30 SECONDS

    "The short version."

    Youth mental health is a public health crisis — and curfews alone won't fix it. The fix is upstream: trained adults in a kid's everyday life. Village Public Health is offering FREE Youth Mental Health First Aid this May ($170 value). Two virtual sessions. ALGEE 5-step plan. Real skills, real fast.

    #YMHFA #MentalHealthAwarenessMonth #ElevatingPower

    SHARE TO →
    FOR PARENTS & COACHES60 SECONDS

    "Why prevention beats reaction."

    Nearly half of high schoolers report persistent sadness (CDC YRBS). The average kid waits 11 years from first symptom to first treatment (NAMI). Every $1 we spend upstream on prevention saves $2–$10 downstream (SAMHSA). The most cost-effective tool we have? A trained adult who can spot the signs and start the conversation. That's exactly what YMHFA teaches — and Village Public Health is making it free this May.

    #PreventionFirst #YouthMentalHealth #YMHFA #VillagePublicHealth

    SHARE TO →
    FOR SCHOOL & FAITH LEADERSFULL PITCH

    "What our city actually needs."

    After the River Market shooting, Little Rock expanded its youth curfew to seven nights a week. A curfew is a partial solution — a fence around a wound. The real intervention is upstream: equip the trusted adults already in our kids' lives (teachers, coaches, pastors, aunties) with the 5-step ALGEE action plan from Youth Mental Health First Aid. Village Public Health is offering this $170 nationally-certified course FREE this May to grow the village our young people deserve.

    #SystemsThinking #PreventionFirst #YMHFA #LittleRock

    SHARE TO →
    EVERY SHARE PLANTS THE STORY UPSTREAM.CLAIM YOUR FREE SEAT
    PASS IT ON
    Back Page · Distribution
    ★ DISTRIBUTION INSTRUCTIONS ★

    ONE SHARE
    could save a life.

    Help us fill every seat. Pick a way to amplify — share a post, text a friend, tell your school, host a watch party.

    01

    TELL ONE PERSON

    Text a parent, coach, or teacher who'd benefit. One personal text outperforms a thousand impressions.

    SEND A TEXT

    02

    HOST A WATCH PARTY

    Gather 5 staff members, your PTA, or your church group. Take YMHFA together — turn it into a shared mission.

    BRING A GROUP

    03

    RESHARE THE POST

    Reshare every Wednesday's On The Porch Live. Tag a parent in the comments who needs to hear it.

    FOLLOW @VILLAGEPH

    ★ PRESS RELEASE ★

    COPY · PASTE · SHARE

    READY-TO-POST CAPTION

    🧠 May is Mental Health Awareness Month. @VillagePublicHealth is offering FREE Youth Mental Health First Aid certification (a $170 value) on May 15 + May 23. If you work with kids ages 12–18, this is the training you didn't know you needed. Register: villagepublichealth.org/mental-health-month #YMHFA #MentalHealthAwarenessMonth #ElevatingPower
    WITH APPRECIATION TO OUR FRIENDS ATThe Bobby Portis FoundationThe Bobby Portis Foundation
    ★ THE RECORD ★

    Sources Index.

    FIG. 03 · 24 CITATIONS

    Every claim on this page is sourced. Click any number above in the editorial to land here, then click through to the original report.

    1. 01
      ADG 2026 · Apr 12, 2026
      "Little Rock police investigate River Market shooting"
      Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
      READ SOURCE
    2. 02
      KATV 2026 · Apr 14, 2026
      "City of Little Rock expands youth curfew to seven nights after River Market shooting"
      KATV — Little Rock
      READ SOURCE
    3. 03
      CDC
      "Violence Prevention — Public Health Approach"
      Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
      READ SOURCE
    4. 04
      U.S. Surgeon General · 2021
      "Protecting Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory (Full Report PDF)"
      U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
      READ SOURCE
    5. 05
      CDC WISQARS
      "Suicide Data and Statistics — Leading causes of death, ages 10–24"
      Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
      READ SOURCE
    6. 06
      CDC YRBS 2023 · 2023
      "Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Data Summary & Trends Report"
      CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey
      READ SOURCE
    7. 07
      NAMI 2020 · 2020
      "Mental Health Care Matters (infographic): the average delay between mental illness symptom onset and treatment is 11 years"
      National Alliance on Mental Illness
      READ SOURCE
    8. 08
      Wang et al. 2005 · 2005
      "Failure and Delay in Initial Treatment Contact After First Onset of Mental Disorders (median delays 6 to 23 years across disorders)"
      Archives of General Psychiatry (JAMA Psychiatry), National Comorbidity Survey Replication
      READ SOURCE
    9. 09
      Kessler et al. 2005 · 2005
      "Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders (median age of onset: 14 for any disorder)"
      Archives of General Psychiatry, National Comorbidity Survey Replication
      READ SOURCE
    10. 10
      MHA 2024 · 2024
      "2024 Youth Data — Arkansas state ranking"
      Mental Health America
      READ SOURCE
    11. 11
      KATV 2025 · Mar 14, 2025
      "Arkansas Crisis Center expands text-to-chat service to support youth mental health"
      KATV / Arkansas Crisis Center
      READ SOURCE
    12. 12
      SAMHSA
      "Prevention of Substance Use and Mental Disorders — ROI evidence"
      Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration
      READ SOURCE
    13. 13
      NCBI / YMHFA · 2018
      "Mental Health First Aid training: Improvements in mental health literacy & helping behaviors"
      National Library of Medicine — peer-reviewed RCT
      READ SOURCE
    14. 14
      Communities That Care · 2014
      "Communities That Care — Long-term outcomes of community prevention systems"
      University of Washington — Social Development Research Group
      READ SOURCE
    15. 15
      WHO mhGAP · 2023
      "Mental Health Gap Action Programme — Task-shifting to non-specialist workers"
      World Health Organization
      READ SOURCE
    16. 16
      HRSA CHW
      "Community Health Worker evidence — outcomes & cost effectiveness"
      Health Resources & Services Administration
      READ SOURCE
    17. 17
      MHFA / National Council · 2024
      "Teen Mental Health First Aid (tMHFA) — Curriculum & 5-step action plan (LOOK, ASK, LISTEN, HELP, YOUR FRIEND CONNECT)"
      National Council for Mental Wellbeing — Mental Health First Aid USA
      READ SOURCE
    18. 18
      tMHFA Evaluation · 2020
      "Teen Mental Health First Aid pilot evaluation — increased confidence to help peers and seek a trusted adult"
      National Council for Mental Wellbeing & Born This Way Foundation
      READ SOURCE
    19. 19
      JAMA Pediatrics · 2021
      "Effect of Teen Mental Health First Aid on intentions to help peers and help-seeking behaviors among adolescents"
      Jensen et al., JAMA Pediatrics
      READ SOURCE
    20. 20
      CDC MMWR · 2021
      "Emergency Department Visits for Suspected Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents — United States"
      CDC Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report
      READ SOURCE
    21. 21
      Shepard et al. · 2016
      "Suicide and Suicidal Attempts in the United States: Costs and Policy Implications"
      Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior (peer-reviewed)
      READ SOURCE
    22. 22
      BLS / NCES · 2024
      "Earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment"
      U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — Education Pays
      READ SOURCE
    23. 23
      JPI · 2020
      "Sticker Shock 2020 — The Cost of Youth Incarceration"
      Justice Policy Institute
      READ SOURCE
    24. 24
      Casey / ACF · 2023
      "Foster Care by the Numbers — average annual cost per child in care"
      Annie E. Casey Foundation & U.S. Children's Bureau (AFCARS)
      READ SOURCE
    — END OF EDITION — BACK TO THE TOP